La importancia del control visual: todo lo necesario en un único lugar
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| Andon (izquierda), Reporte A3 (centro arriba), Cuadro de Mando Integral (centro abajo) y kanban(derecha) son algunos ejemplos de técnicas de control visual |
«Principio Nº 7: Usar el control visual para que los problemas no se escondan.»
- Andon: los andon llevan su nombre a modo de homenaje a las tradicionales ‘lámparas japonesas’. Un andon es un tablero en el que aparecen los estados de todas las máquinas en un único lugar, facilitando la comunicación y la identificación de los problemas. Son tableros de tipo luminoso, en donde pueden aparecer luces de diferentes colores o símbolos, o directamente letras y números. Todos deben ser capaces de comprender la información contenida en ellos, la cual debe ser actualizada permanentemente.
- Kanban: es el famoso sistema de tarjetas que se utiliza para indicar necesidades de producción entre procesos, permitiendo el funcionamiento armónico y fluido que requiere un sistema (JIT). Este tema será tratado en detalle en otra publicación.
- Reporte A3: utilizado y difundido por Toyota, consiste en una única hoja de tamaño A3 (2 veces el tamaño de una A4) en donde se grafican y exponen todos los datos de mayor criticidad, como por ejemplo indicadores, gráficas de control o análisis de problemas. Este puede ser utilizado en una presentación ante superiores, para mostrar los datos más relevantes y detectar de manera rápida y sencilla errores, desvíos o tendencias. Veremos este tema en la próxima publicación.
- Cuadro de Mando Integral (BSC, por Balanced Scorecard): como el Reporte A3, pero sin limitaciones en cuanto a tamaño, esquema de presentación ni formato, un BSC permite representar todos los indicadores de importancia para conocer el estado del proceso o la organización. La información que nos brinda es sumamente útil para determinar si las acciones concretas llevadas a cabo y la tendencia están alineadas con la estrategia de la organización. Este tema es de suma importancia, y también será tratado en una publicación dedicada.
- Obeya: una de las técnicas de control visual más innovadoras, también utilizada por Toyota. Obeya puede traducirse del japonés como «gran habitación». Es precisamente eso, una gran habitación en donde se exponen numerosas herramientas de control visual, las cuales son necesarias para comprender el estado actual y real de los procesos en función de los estándares definidos: indicadores de desempeño, comparación con la competencia, indicadores financieros, agenda de actividades y cualquier otra información que pueda ser necesaria para la toma de decisiones trascendentales. Esta información es expuesta y actualizada por responsables designados, quienes serán los únicos que tendrán la posibilidad de ingresar a este recinto libremente. Como si fuese una gran sala de control «visual».
«A picture is worth a thousand words». Trite phrase, if any. But totally valid under the Eastern philosophy of having the indispensable minimum of useful information and eliminate all kinds of waste. There is no more effective communication than what a system that avoids excess information, ambiguities and the use of data that is difficult to interpret can provide us.
Visual control is a methodology that can be applied in numerous ways. It is any device or system that allows to represent, in a single place, useful information about our process. With just a glance we can know how our process is working and if it is deviating with respect to a pre-established pattern. It also shows us information about the status of the work flow, the state of the inventories or the performance of a worker or a work team. Because of this, it is a powerful tool to add value to our productive processes. Having a clear and synthetic image of the current state of the process, we can detect problems more easily, and attack them in time.
A visual control tool should allow anyone who observes the information in it to be able to interpret it. This allows, for example, a manager to go through the plant and know how the processes, workers and machines involved are working «at a glance».
Andon (left), Report A3 (center above), Balanced Scorecard (center below) and kanban (right) are some examples of visual control techniques
The 5S technique discussed in a previous publication is a clear example of a visual control system. Keeping everything neat and clean makes it easy to detect any detour. A piece in an incorrect place or an excess of inventory can be easily visualized with this tool. A place for everything and everything in its place. No more no less. The problems come to light easily as they are exposed by moving away from the predefined order. There are many ways to use visual control in 5S: shading the location of the tools, marking the position in which the operator must meet to perform a task, or having at hand a photograph or scheme of what the workspace should ideally be like, They are examples of this.
Visual control is one of the 14 Principles of Toyota philosophy, the basis of the Toyota Production Systems (TPS), proposed by Jeffrey Liker in his book ‘The Toyota Way’ (2004). This point states:
«Principle No. 7: Use visual control so that problems do not hide.»
There are many examples of visual control systems that are used daily, especially in the manufacturing industry. We already mentioned at 5S. Let’s see some others:
Andon: As we indicated in a previous publication, the andon bear their name as a tribute to the traditional ‘Japanese lamps’. An andon is a board in which the states of all machines appear in a single place, facilitating communication and identification of problems. They are luminous type boards, where lights of different colors or symbols can appear, or directly letters and numbers. Everyone must be able to understand the information contained in them, which must be permanently updated.
Kanban: is the famous card system that is used to indicate production needs between processes, allowing the harmonic and fluid operation required by a Just In Time (JIT) system. This subject will be discussed in detail in another publication.
Report A3: used and disseminated by Toyota, it consists of a single sheet of A3 size (2 times the size of an A4) where all the most critical data are graphed and displayed, such as indicators, control charts or analysis of problems. This can be used in a presentation before superiors, to show the most relevant data and quickly and easily detect errors, deviations or trends. We will see this topic in the next publication.
Integral Scorecard (BSC, by Balanced Scorecard): as the A3 Report, but without limitations in terms of size, presentation scheme or format, a BSC allows to represent all the indicators of importance to know the status of the process or organization. The information it provides is very useful to determine if the concrete actions carried out and the trend are aligned with the organization’s strategy. This topic is of the utmost importance, and will also be addressed in a dedicated publication.
Obeya: one of the most innovative visual control techniques, also used by Toyota. Obeya can be translated from Japanese as «great room». It is precisely that, a large room where numerous visual control tools are exposed, which are necessary for comprender the current and real state of the processes according to the defined standards: performance indicators, comparison with the competition, financial indicators, activity agenda and any other information that may be necessary for making important decisions. This information is exposed and updated by designated managers, who will be the only ones who will have the possibility of entering this site freely. As if it were a large «visual» control room.[:]



