¿En qué consiste la metodología APQP (Planificación Avanzada de la Calidad del Producto)?
- Manual de Análisis Modal de Fallos y Efectos o AMFE (FMEA: Failure Mode and Effects Analysis)
- Manual de Control Estadístico de Procesos (SPC: Statistical Process Control)
- Manual de Análisis de Sistemas de Medición (MSA: Measurement Systems Analysis)
- Manual de Proceso de Aprobación de Partes de Producción (PPAP: Production Part Approval Process)
Este manual tiene como objeto principal obtener productos que satisfagan al cliente, cumpliendo los requisitos por él definidos e involucrándolo en el proceso de desarrollo. Los proveedores también cumplen un rol fundamental. - Fase 1 (Planificación y definición del programa): En esta etapa se realiza todo el estudio de mercado, y se tiene en cuenta la «voz del cliente». Se realiza el plan de negocios y se establecen objetivos tanto de diseño como de calidad y confiabilidad. Se realizan también bocetos preliminares de procesos y productos.
- Fase 2 (Diseño del producto y verificación del desarrollo): Aquí se realiza un AMFE del diseño (DFMEA), el cual se verifica y revisa. Se suele fabricar un prototipo y se establecen requerimientos de ingeniería y materiales. Se establecen además cuáles serán las herramientas/máquinas necesarias para la fabricación, y para el ensayo de los productos.
- Fase 3 (Diseño del proceso y verificación del desarrollo): En esta fase se diseñan los procesos, incluyendo todo lo relacionado a layout de planta, embalaje, revisión de calidad de los procesos y productos y AMFE de proceso (PFMEA). También se establecen las instrucciones de proceso, se determina un plan de análisis de los sistemas de medición y se realiza un plan para el estudio preliminar de la capacidad.
- Fase 4 (Validación de producto y proceso): Aquí se realizan todos los testeos finales necesarios para validar los productos y procesos, incluyendo la validación de los procesos productivos, el embalaje y los sistemas de medición.
- Fase 5 (Retroalimentación, evaluación y acciones correctivas): En esta fase se hace énfasis en la satisfacción del cliente, mediante la minimización de la variación, y análisis de tiempos de entrega y servicio al cliente.
Born as an agreement between the three major automakers in the United States (Chrysler, General Motors and Ford), APQP is a methodology that brings together a series of techniques and procedures necessary to establish a quality plan that allows product development ) According to the needs of the customers. APQP are the initials of Advanced Product Quality Planning, or Advanced Product Quality Planning.
The three automotive firms founded a non-profit organization called AIAG (Automotive Industry Action Group) in 1982, which was later joined by volunteers from other manufacturers, including non-US companies (such as Toyota, Nissan and Honda). The organization’s goal was to produce quality standards and establish common regulations for members. Today, the role of AIAG is much more comprehensive, covering topics related to the supply chain of the automotive industry, supplier management and corporate social responsibility, among others.
The fundamentals of APQP are focused on a manual, which is usually used in conjunction with other manuals written by the same organization, among which are:
Manual of Modal Analysis of Faults and Effects or AMFE (FMEA: Failure Mode and Effects Analysis)
Manual of Statistical Process Control (SPC)
Manual of Analysis of Measurement Systems (MSA: Measurement Systems Analysis)
Production Part Approval Process Manual (PPAP)
This manual has as main objective to obtain products that satisfy the client, fulfilling the requirements defined by him and involving him in the process of development. Suppliers also play a key role.
The implementation of APQP is done in five well-defined phases:
Phase 1 (Planning and definition of the program): At this stage the entire market study is carried out, taking into account the «voice of the customer». The business plan is realized and goals are set as much of design as of quality and reliability. Preliminary sketches of processes and products are also made.
Phase 2 (Product design and development verification): Here an AMFE of the design (DFMEA) is realized, which is verified and revised. A prototype is usually manufactured and engineering and materials requirements are established. It also establishes which tools / machines will be necessary for the manufacture, and for the testing of the products.
Phase 3 (Process Design and Development Verification): In this phase the processes are designed, including everything related to plant layout, packaging, quality review of processes and products and process AMFE (PFMEA). It also establishes the process instructions, determines a plan of analysis of the measurement systems and a plan for the preliminary study of capacity is made.
Phase 4 (Validation of product and process): All the final tests necessary to validate the products and processes, including the validation of the production processes, the packaging and the measurement systems are carried out.
Phase 5 (Feedback, evaluation and corrective actions): In this phase emphasis is placed on customer satisfaction, through minimization of variation, and analysis of delivery times and customer service.
As can be appreciated, some analogy can be established with a PDCA cycle, following the same logic. There is also a relationship with requirements 8.1 and 8.3 of ISO 9001: 2015.
As with other standards or methods that emerged within a specific industrial activity (the automaker always leads the way), this methodology can be applied to any type of product or service.
We will delve into several points in this manual, and on concepts from other AIAG manuals in future publications.[:]

